Why rio 2016

She arrived at the favela in and raised her four children there. The acupuncturist recalls that when she found out about Rio de Janeiro being the Olympics host, she was hopeful the event would provide an opportunity to improve the quality of public spaces, but it had never crossed her mind she would be so negatively affected.

This was in addition to other problems: rubble was left behind from the demolished houses, there was a rat infestation due to rubbish accumulation, and stray cats and dogs were left behind by the families who had opted for relocation. She had to move houses so all the remaining families would be based in the same street where new residences were built.

In May , Souza, along with her neighbours, founded the Evictions Museum at the Vila, in order to safeguard the memory of what once was the area and to advocate against other forced evictions around the world. Seven sculptures made from rubble are exhibited there with each representing a significant place that had been removed. She also sees the Games in Brazil leaving more problems than solutions. The issue, she told Al Jazeera, was that it lacked planning from the decision makers.

Otherwise, other projects and supposed priorities end up taking over and the existing built set is left aside by those who assume office next. Paes, re-elected as Rio mayor last year, has meanwhile defended the work carried out for the Olympics. Souza, though, does not agree. A public transport user, she claims the BRTs were an excuse to remove various bus lines, which were very useful to the population. The Federal Public Ministry and the Court of Accounts of the Union have pointed out suspicions of overbilling in the construction works during Rio , as well as reporting a lack of solid plans to manage the facilities.

Environmental sustainability in the context of mega-events and the Olympics has also attracted the attention of scholars Chernushenko, For example, Cantelon and Letters outlined the creation of an environmental policy as the third pillar of the Olympic movement.

They concluded that through the engagement of stakeholders and implementing effective stakeholder management strategies, organizations can better understand and clarify the different dimensions of the environmental challenges they face. Sport facilities built for the purpose of hosting the Olympics are large facilities accommodating hundreds of thousands of spectators and athletes. Dozens of new venues are usually built specifically as Olympic venues, costing hundreds of millions of dollars Long, In the case of the Rio Games, ten permanent new sites and seven temporary sites were built IOC, a.

Furthermore, mega-events require additional accommodations such as parking areas, auxiliary commercial and recreational activities, and well developed transportation infrastructure to move spectators, athletes, and officials. This in turn raises concerns about a significant increase in traffic, water consumption, and waste production along with air quality and energy conservation. Scholars have argued that unless the rights holders of mega-events change their candidacy and selection processes, these events will inevitably be detrimental to the host city Gaffney, Although the Olympics have been associated with many negative aspects when it comes to preserving the environment, the Games have the potential to bring environmental benefits to the host communities.

These may include new and better standards in the building industry, use of renewable energy sources e. For example, the Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy achieved several notable environmental successes by minimizing waste, conserving fresh water, incorporating eco-friendly building designs, utilizing pollution-free materials in venue construction, exploiting passive solar heating, and preserving the natural landscape IOC, Similarly, the Games in London managed to provide 40 percent of their water supply through recycled rain water IOC, The IOC efforts for environmentally sustainable Olympics.

However, sustainability did not become a clear focus of the IOC until after protests stemming from environmental damage at the Winter Games located in Albertville, France in Chappelet, , Only two years later, the Lillehammer Winter Games in Norway were the turning point in sustainability legacy by successfully demonstrating how the Olympics can be staged with reduced environmental damage Chappelet, The Lillehammer Organizing Committee made the Games a showcase for sustainable and environmental policies by working with local and national authorities to minimize the negative impact on the environment Chappelet, Over 20 sustainability projects were initiated mainly focused on recycling and energy efficiency efforts.

For example, the ice hockey venue was built underground in order to preserve energy. This was a crucial step in recognizing the importance of sustainable development in sport. The purpose of the commission is to advise the IOC executive board on policy related to environmental protection. At these conferences, environmentalists, scholars, government figures and sport experts meet to discuss sustainable development of previous Olympic Games, future Olympic Games, and the role of the United Nations in this process.

In , the IOC amended the Olympic Charter, calling for the Olympic Games to be organized in a manner that demonstrates responsible concern for the environment and promotes a positive legacy for the host cities and host countries.

The Charter is a set of rules and guidelines for organizing the Games, and serves three main purposes, including:. In the summer of , the IOC approved and adopted the Olympic Agenda 21 Sport for Sustainable Development , calling upon every member of the Olympic Movement to play an active role in promoting sustainable development Chappelet, Agenda 21 represents a significant policy effort by the IOC to address the environment and to encourage commitment and actions from governments and major sporting bodies.

Three main objectives are at the core of the Olympic Agenda The guide builds on Agenda 21 and suggests practical initiatives to participants and spectators alike, and is recommended for use by all members of the Olympic Movement. The document provides understanding of global environmental protection in diverse cultural and sports contexts. Cities bidding to host the Olympic Games are required to submit an extensive document covering various areas that need to be considered during the planning and staging of the Games IOC, d.

This document is known as the Olympic bid book. The Sydney Olympics were the first to address the environment in their bidding documents. The main focus was on waste reduction, water re-utilization, and use of recyclable materials IOC, b. Similarly, the Olympics in London focused on climate change, waste reduction, biodiversity, inclusion, and healthy lifestyles SOPA, The study spans over 12 years, beginning 2 years prior to host city selection, 7 years during planning and staging phase, and then 3 years after the Games IOC, The OCOGs are obligated to partner with an independent local entity to conduct the data collection and analysis, according to a Technical Manual.

The objective of the study is to gather data on the overall effects economic, socio-cultural, and environmental of the Games, to create a comparable benchmark across all future Olympics, and to help bidding cities identify potential legacies to maximize the benefits from the Games.

In the environmental area the study includes a total of 34 factors, with 20 of them mandatory and the other 14 optional. Beginning with the Beijing Olympics, all host cities have been required to complete the study IOC, Although the OGGI study initially sounded like a promising step moving forward to a more systematical way of evaluating the impact of the Games, it has already raised some questions regarding lack of specific sustainability standards against which to measure the impacts.

Another concern is the reliability of data due to the fact that much of the gathered information is based on OCOGs self-reports and screened by Olympic authorities, thereby creating potential biases in the report. In addition to challenges with post event measurement, the governing structure of the Olympics movement is not strongly positioned to enforce environmental initiatives originally outlined in Olympic bids.

Governing bodies of the Olympics. Its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter: to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means IOC, d.

Each IF is a governing body for a given sport and administers its sport at a world level, developing rules and promoting the sport, developing prospective athletes, and organizing championships IOC, a.

Each Olympic sport is represented by its respective IF, which in turn then helps to administer the sport during the Games.

They may nominate cities within their respective areas as candidates to host future Olympic Games. NOCs also promote the development of athletes and training of coaches and officials at a national level IOC, b.

In addition, it generally includes representatives of the public authorities and other leading figures. Once a city is selected for hosting, its organizing committee has autonomous control over the rest of the planning and staging processes.

As it is clear from the Games in Rio, host cities often have promising environmentally sustainable goals. Yet, without enforcement, many of those goals went unmet. As a result, many wonder how environmental initiatives can achieve greater success. In addition, certain sports may have more direct environmental impacts than others. In those cases, should the IFs take a more active role in encouraging and demanding environmental sustainability standards? Answers to questions such as these are necessary as environmental sustainability takes on an even more prominent role.

Figure 3: Scenes from the closing ceremonies at the Games. Moving forward, the solution to sustainable Olympics will not come easy.

Different cities and countries have different environmental needs and priorities, and different systems of collaboration among governing authorities and environmental organizations. Under the current IOC structure for bidding and planning of the Olympics, it is challenging to achieve truly sustainable Olympic Games.

Each OCOG must find the optimal way of engaging a variety of stakeholders and to do their best to improve the environment in which the Games take place. Sustainability requires a collective effort and strong public-private partnerships are essential. Mutual cooperation is a prerequisite for successful environmental protection. Additionally, the Olympics offer a great opportunity to develop new partnerships, to enhance cooperation among public authorities and to support networking between various socio-economic actors involved in the Games.

Another issue that needs to be considered moving forward is the use of Olympic facilities post-Games. The main challenge comes because the facilities are rather large with a seating capacity of tens of thousands, mostly suitable for international and national competitions.

Therefore, these facilities are not frequently used at all. This is the case with the Olympic facilities in Athens, where some venues such as the aquatic center, softball and beach volleyball arenas are yet to find tenants, thus in a desperate need for private investors Manfred, On the positive side, some host cities have made a cognizant effort to address the issue of post-event usage. For example, the Atlanta Olympic stadium was designed on the principal that it would be converted to other uses once the event was over.

One year after the Atlanta Games, the venue was sized down from 85, seats to 50, seats to be the home to a professional baseball team Newman, Similarly, the Sydney stadium was designed with temporary seats with some seats being movable. After the Sydney Games, the venue sits about 80, spectators and is reconfigured to host soccer and rugby competitions IOC, These examples of legacy planning show effective ways facilities can be utilized post-Games.

The movement towards environmental awareness will continue to grow in the future. The media coverage from the Rio Games indicates that public awareness and demand for greater focus on environmental issues may be gaining strength. Additional work on sustainability initiatives concerning water quality, energy conservation, waste production, ecosystem protection, and air pollution reduction are needed.

However, the current momentum may expand the importance of sustainability in all areas of sport, not just at the Olympic level. The following are meant to be potential projects, assignments, or other examples of evaluation possibilities that may work in conjunction with the use of this case. The instructor should modify these as needed to fit the course goals and objectives.

In order to provide some insight as to why we decided to write this teaching case study, we thought it would be appropriate to discuss our connection to environmental sustainability in sport. All three authors are very passionate about sport and the environment.

Aly Raisman, six-time Olympic medalist, says she was molested by team doctor. Published: 10 Nov Rio Olympic chief Carlos Nuzman arrested in corruption investigation. The head of the Brazilian Olympic Committee was detained amid claims he was a key figure in a bribery scandal which led to Rio being awarded the Olympics. Published: 5 Oct Michael Phelps says he has 'no desire' to return to competitive swimming. Published: 20 Sep Fresh claims that Rio and Tokyo Olympic bid teams bought votes.

Published: 13 Sep Published: 8 Sep Published: 6 Sep Since winning the silver medal in the meter air pistol event at last summer's Olympics, Felipe Wu has cut back on his travel and competition schedule and redirected his attention to earning a college degree.

Wearing the same blue tie with white, green and yellow stripes that he wore on that memorable day in Copenhagen, Denmark, he proudly received the Olympic Personality of the Year award for the role he played in bringing the first Olympic Games to South America. Now his popularity was soaring. That night, he chose not to read the remarks prepared by his staff and instead patted himself on the back for 28 minutes and promised "the most organized Olympics in the world.

None of that could be done, Lula said, without the help of the business community -- not by signing successful athletes to endorsement deals but rather through financing the sporting structure in Brazil.

Then that troubled boy could be made into an Olympic champion. The crowd roared. The influx of cash continued after Lula's term expired and he was replaced by Dilma Rousseff. More than 90 percent of the country's amateur athletic budget came from the government. It was a crash course in buying Olympic medals, an attempt to build as many world-class athletes as possible before Rio.

Wu was one of the many Brazilian athletes who benefited from the investments. He had practiced alone until , when the shooting federation hired a respected international coach. His performance soared. He won gold at the Pan-American Games and a pair of World Cup titles in the lead-up to Rio before medaling on home soil.

It didn't take long for the tap to shut off. While Lula is expected to file an appeal, the probe is ongoing. Former Rio governor Sergio Cabral was arrested on suspicion of receiving millions in kickbacks and recently sentenced to 14 years in prison for corruption and money laundering.

I thought it would change my life, or at least my life would be easier. Nothing has changed. On the contrary, I've lost. A lot. Coupled with sagging oil revenues, the people's lack of trust in government led Brazil into its worst recession in history.

Ten days after the closing ceremonies, Rousseff was impeached, largely blamed for the country's crisis. No segment of the government was immune from scandal, including sports leaders. Sensing a larger problem, the TCU launched an investigation into 10 sports entities, including Brazil's Olympic Committee.

Nine of the 10 were found to be misusing public funds. Athletes who had been showered with opportunity in the lead-up to Rio were now in the middle of a nightmare, a few with the Olympic medals around their necks. After Rio, the contract of his Colombian coach wasn't renewed, so he is back to practicing on his own. He failed to reach the final in any World Cup tournaments this year and worries the same might happen at the world championship later this month.

He still has the same lone sponsor he had before Rio -- Rifle, the Brazilian company that supplies him with his ammunition. But there's nothing new. His complaints are less about money than the lack of stability from the government, the Brazilian Olympic Committee and his own federation. He has cut back on his travel and competition schedule and redirected his attention to an entity that can give him a far more stable future: college. He is often recognized on the streets, people stopping him in airports or supermarkets to congratulate him and ask for a photo.

But most have no idea what sport he practices; they just recognize his face as one of the Brazilian success stories from the Rio Games. The occasional fan selfie does little to quell his frustration.

The Olympic Aquatic Stadium, where Michael Phelps said goodbye to the sport of swimming, looks much different now than it did a year ago. When Ricardo Cintra gets up in the middle of the night to get a drink of water, he is still amazed. Along the dark path to the kitchen, he sees the Olympic medal pinned to the wall in the living room and shakes his head in disbelief. Cintra is one of the few coaches in the world who have the privilege of having an Olympic medal in their home.

That's because he is the coach and husband of open water swimmer Poliana Okimoto, who won a bronze medal in Rio. Okimoto initially finished fourth in the 10K race, but the disqualification of second-place finisher Aurelie Muller after she impeded another swimmer at the finish bumped Okimoto to bronze and made her the first Brazilian female swimmer to win an Olympic medal.

Okimoto had a plan for success leading up to the Rio Olympics. For four years, she was able to pay a team of professionals to help her. A physical therapist, dryland trainer, psychologist and massage therapist were all on hand to help her reach her goal.